Модификация свойств конструкционных материалов интенсивными потоками заряженных частиц и плазмы
Аннотация
Приведен анализ современного состояния экспериментальных и теоретических исследований по модификации конструкционных материалов интенсивными потоками заряженных частиц и плазмы с плотностями мощности 0,1–1000 МВт/см2.
Показано, что плотность вложенной в мишень энергии и длительность облучения являются главными факторами, определяющими спектр протекающих в веществе процессов. Возможна реализация двух режимов облучения: докритического и закритического. В докритическом режиме облучения вещество мишени остается в твердом состоянии или же переходит в жидкое, в закритическом режиме происходит формирование плазменного факела и его последующий разлет со скоростью более 103 м/с. Переход от докритического к закритическому режиму носит пороговый характер.
Обсуждаются механизмы формирования полей механических напряжений в облучаемой мишени, которые представляют собой распространяющуюся со скоростью звука ударную волну, а также локализованные вблизи облучаемой поверхности напряжения, обусловленные неоднородным по объему полем температур.
Описана природа явлений сглаживания микрорельефа облучаемой поверхности и образования на ней микрократеров. Показано, что проявление того или иного явления определяется режимом облучения.
Проведен анализ явления массопереноса за счет процессов диффузии, термокапиллярной конвекции и развития неустойчивости Рихтмайера–Мешкова в зависимости от режима облучения.
Облучение твердых тел приводит к увеличению плотности дислокаций, в основном, за счет сдвиговой составляющей локализованных напряжений. Уменьшение длительности облучения приводит к более высоким скоростям деформаций, что вызывает более эффективную наработку дислокаций из-за более высоких значений сдвиговых напряжений.
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