Обзор технологий организации туманных вычислений

Александра Александровна Кирсанова, Глеб Игоревич Радченко, Андрей Николаевич Черных

Аннотация


Поскольку Интернет вещей (IoT) становится частью нашей повседневной жизни, наблюдается быстрый рост числа подключенных устройств. Устоявшийся подход, основанный на технологиях облачных вычислений, не может обеспечить необходимое качество обслуживания в таких условиях, в частности, в вопросах уменьшения времени задержки при передаче данных. Технология туманных вычислений сегодня рассматриваются как многообещающее решение для обработки большого объема критически важных и чувствительных ко времени данных. В этой статье рассмотрена технология облачных вычислений, а также анализируются предпосылки к эволюционному развитию этого подхода и появлению концепции туманных вычислений. В рамках обзора ключевых особенностей туманных вычислений произведен разбор часто встречающейся путаницы с объединением понятий туманных и краевых вычислений. Приведен обзор технологий организации туманных вычислений: виртуализация, контейнеризация и оркестрация, а также систематический анализ наиболее популярных платформ, обеспечивающих поддержку туманных вычислений. В результате анализа нами предлагается два подхода к классификации платформ туманных вычислений: по принципу открытости/закрытости компонентов, а также трехуровневая классификация на основе предоставляемого функционала платформы (Deploy-, Platform- и Ecosystem as a Service).


Ключевые слова


облачные вычисления; туманные вычисления; краевые вычисления; интернет вещей

Полный текст:

PDF

Литература


Al-Doghman F., Chaczko Z., Ajayan A.R., et al. A review on Fog Computing Technology. Conference Proceedings of 2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC 2016 (Budapest, Hungary, October, 9–12, 2017). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017. Р. 1525–1530. DOI: 10.1109/SMC.2016.7844455.

Antonio S. Cisco Delivers Vision of Fog Computing to Accelerate Value from Billions of Connected Devices 2014. P. 1–4.

Armbrust M., Fox A., Griffith R., et al. A View of Cloud Computing. Communications of the ACM. 2010. Vol. 53, no. 4. P. 50–58. DOI: 10.1145/1721654.1721672.

Bonomi F., Milito R., Zhu J., et al. Fog Computing and Its Role in the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 1st ACM Mobile Cloud Computing Workshop, MCC’12 (Helsinki, Finland, August, 17, 2012). ACM Press, 2012. Р. 13–15. DOI: 10.1145/2342509.2342513.

Brito M.S.D., Hoque S., Magedanz T., et al. A Service Orchestration Architecture for Fog-enabled Infrastructures. 2017 2nd International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing, FMEC 2017 (Valencia, Spain, May, 8–11, 2017). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017. Р. 127–132. DOI: 10.1109/FMEC.2017.7946419.

Brynjolfsson E., Hofmann P., Jordan J. Cloud Computing and Electricity: Beyond the Utility Model. Communications of the ACM. 2010. Vol. 53, no. 5. P. 32–34. DOI: 10.1145/1735223.1735234.

Celesti A., Fazio M., Márquez F.G., et al. How to Develop IoT Cloud E-Health Systems Based on Fiware: A Lesson Learnt. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks. 2019. Vol. 8, no. 1. DOI: 10.3390/jsan8010007.

Cheng B., Solmaz G., Cirillo F., et al. FogFlow: Easy Programming of IoT Services Over Cloud and Edges for Smart Cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2018. Vol. 5, no. 2. P. 696–707. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2017.2747214.

Chiang M., Ha S., Chih-Lin I., et al. Clarifying Fog Computing and Networking: 10 Questions and Answers. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2017. Vol. 5, no. 4. P. 18–20. DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.7901470.

Dantas L., Cavalcante E., Batista T. A Development Environment for FIWARE-Based Internet of Things Applications. Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Middleware and Applications for the Internet of Things, Part of Middleware 2019 Conference, M4IoT 2019 (Davis CA, USA, December, 7–11, 2019). Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, 2019. Р. 21–26. DOI: 10.1145/3366610.3368100.

Dar B.K., Shah M.A., Islam S.U., et al. Delay-Aware Accident Detection and Response System Using Fog Computing. IEEE Access. 2019. Vol. 7. P. 70975–70985. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2910862.

Donno M. De, Tange K., Dragoni N. Foundations and Evolution of Modern Computing Paradigms: Cloud, IoT, Edge, and Fog. IEEE Access. 2019. Vol. 7. P. 150936–150948. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947652.

Eder M. Hypervisor-vs. Container-Based Virtualization. Future Internet (FI) and Innovative Internet Technologies and Mobile Communications (IITM). 2016. Vol. 1.

Emeras J., Varrette S., Bouvry P. Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) vs. In-house HPC Platform: A Cost Analysis. IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing, CLOUD (Honolulu, USA, June, 25–30, 2017). IEEE, 2017. Р. 284–293. DOI: 10.1109/CLOUD.2016.44.

Eugene G. Cloud Computing Models. 2013.

Evans D. The Internet of Things: How the Next Evolution of the Internet is Changing Every Thing. CISCO white paper. 2011. Vol. 1. P. 1–11.

Fazio M., Celesti A., Marquez F.G., et al. Exploiting the FIWARE Cloud Platform to Develop a Remote Patient Monitoring System. Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, 2016. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2016. Р. 264–270. DOI: 10.1109/ISCC.2015.7405526.

Feeney G.J. Utility computing — A Superior Alternative? AFIPS Conference Proceedings — 1974 National Computer Conference, AFIPS 1974 (Chicago, Illinois, USA, May, 6–10, 1974). ACM Press, 1974. Р. 1003–1004. DOI: 10.1145/1500175.1500370.

FIWARE "About us". 2015. Available at: https://www.fiware.org/about-us/ (accessed: 03.03.2020).

Foster I., Kesselman C. The History of the Grid. Advances in Parallel Computing. 2011. Vol. 20. P. 3–30. DOI: 10.3233/978-1-60750-803-8-3.

Garcia J., Simo E., Masip-Bruin X., et al. Do We Really Need Cloud? Estimating the Fog Computing Capacities in the City of Barcelona. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing Companion, UCC Companion 2018 (Zurich, Switzerland, December, 17–20, 2019). 2019. Р. 290–295. DOI: 10.1109/UCC-Companion.2018.00070.

GE Digital What is Edge Computing? | GE Digital. 2018. Available at: https://www.ge.com/digital/blog/what-edge-computing (accessed: 03.03.2020).

Gu L., Zeng D., Guo S., et al. Cost Efficient Resource Management in Fog Computing Supported Medical Cyber-Physical System. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing. 2017. Vol. 5, no. 1. P. 108–119. DOI: 10.1109/TETC.2015.2508382.

Guharoy R., Sur S., Rakshit S., et al. A Theoretical and Detail Approach on Grid Computing. A Review on Grid Computing Applications. 2017 8th Industrial Automation and Electromechanical Engineering Conference, IEMECON 2017 (Bangkok, Thailand, August, 16–18, 2017). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017. Р. 142–146. DOI: 10.1109/IEMECON.2017.8079578.

Guth J., Breitenbucher U., Falkenthal M., et al. Comparison of IoT Platform Architectures: A Field Study Based on a Reference Architecture. 2016 Cloudification of the Internet of Things, CIoT 2016, 2017. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017. DOI: 10.1109/CIOT.2016.7872918.

Hagiu A., Wright J. When Data Creates Competitive Advantage...And When It Doesn’t. Harvard Business Review. 2020. Vol. 98, no. 1. P. 94–101.

Hannabuss S. The Big Switch: Rewiring the World, from Edison to Google. Library Review. 2009. Vol. 58, no. 2. P. 136–137.

Haouari F., Faraj R., Alja’Am J.M. Fog Computing Potentials, Applications, and Challenges. 2018 International Conference on Computer and Applications, ICCA 2018 (Beirut, Lebanon, July, 25–26, 2018). IEEE, 2018. Р. 399–406. DOI: 10.1109/COMAPP.2018.8460182.

Hashemi S.M., Bardsiri A.K. Cloud Computing vs. Grid Computing. ARPN Journal of Systems and Software. 2012. Vol. 2, no. 5.

Hilbrich M., Frank M. Abstract Fog in the Bottle - Trends of Computing in History and Future. Proceedings of the 44th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, SEAA 2018 (Prague, Czech Republic, August, 29–31, 2018). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018. Р. 519–522. DOI: 10.1109/SEAA.2018.00089.

Hofmann P., Woods D. Cloud Computing: The Limits of Public Clouds for Business Applications. IEEE Internet Computing. 2010. Vol. 14, no. 6. P. 90–93. DOI: 10.1109/MIC.2010.136.

Hong C.H., Varghese B. Resource Management in Fog/Edge Computing: A Survey on Architectures, Infrastructure, and Algorithms. ACM Computing Surveys. 2019. Vol. 52, no. 5. P. 1–37. DOI: 10.1145/3326066.

Hong H.J. From Cloud Computing to Fog Computing: Unleash the Power of Edge and End Devices. Proceedings of the International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science, CloudCom (Hong Kong, Hong Kong, December, 11–14, 2017). IEEE Computer Society, 2017. Р. 331–334. DOI: 10.1109/CloudCom.2017.53.

Huang C., Lu R., Choo K.K.R. Vehicular Fog Computing: Architecture, Use Case, and Security and Forensic Challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2017. Vol. 55, no. 11. P. 105–111. DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1700322.

Hughes I., Immerman D., Daly P. ClearBlade Demonstrates Scalability and Edge Analytics With IoT Platform, 2017.

Iorga M., Feldman L., Barton R., et al. Fog Computing Conceptual Model. Gaithersburg, MD, 2018.

Jalali F., Hinton K., Ayre R., et al. Fog Computing May Help to Save Energy in Cloud Computing. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 2016. Vol. 34, no. 5. P. 1728–1739. DOI: 10.1109/JSAC.2016.2545559.

Jiang Y., Huang Z., Tsang D.H.K.K. Challenges and Solutions in Fog Computing Orchestration. IEEE Network. 2018. Vol. 32, no. 3. P. 122–129. DOI: 10.1109/MNET.2017.1700271.

Kakakhel S.R.U., Mukkala L., Westerlund T., et al. Virtualization at the Network Edge: A Technology Perspective. 2018 3rd International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing, FMEC 2018 (Barcelona, Spain, April, 23–26, 2018). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018. Р. 87–92. DOI: 10.1109/FMEC.2018.8364049.

Kokkinou A., Cranage D.A. Using Self-Service Technology to Reduce Customer Waiting Times. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2013. Vol. 33, no. 1. P. 435–445. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.11.003.

Kumar R., Charu S. Comparison Between Cloud Computing, Grid Computing, Cluster Computing and Virtualization. International Journal of Modern Computer Science and Applications. 2015. Vol. 8, no. 31. P. 2321–2632. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1759.7765.

Lee J. A View of Cloud Computing. International Journal of Networked and Distributed Computing. 2013. Vol. 1, no. 1. P. 2–8. DOI: 10.2991/ijndc.2013.1.1.2.

Li C., Xue Y., Wang J., et al. Edge-Oriented Computing Paradigms: A Survey on Architecture Design and System Management. ACM Computing Surveys. 2018. Vol. 51, no. 2. DOI: 10.1145/3154815.

Liu L., Wang Y., Yang Y., et al. Utility-Based Computing Model for Grid. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grid, SKG 2005 (Beijing, China, November, 27–29, 2005). 2005. Р. 109–109. DOI: 10.1109/SKG.2005.140.

Liu Y., Fieldsend J.E., Min G. A Framework of Fog Computing: Architecture, Challenges, and Optimization. IEEE Access. 2017. Vol. 5. P. 25445–25454. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2766923.

Madsen H., Albeanu G., Burtschy B., et al. Reliability in the Utility Computing Era: Towards Reliable Fog Computing. International Conference on Systems, Signals, and Image Processing (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, June, 3–5, 2013). IEEE Computer Society, 2013. Р. 43–46. DOI: 10.1109/IWSSIP.2013.6623445.

Mahmood Z., Ramachandran M. Fog Computing: Concepts, Principles and Related Paradigms. Springer International Publishing, 2018. P. 3–21. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94890-4_1.

Mahmoudi C., Mourlin F., Battou A. Formal Definition of Edge Computing: An Emphasis on Mobile Cloud and IoT Composition. 2018 3rd International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing, FMEC 2018 (Barcelona, Spain, April, 23–26, 2018). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018. Р. 34–42. DOI: 10.1109/FMEC.2018.8364042.

McAfee A., Brynjolfsson E. Big Data: The Management Revolution. Harvard Business Review. 2012. Vol. 90, no. 10. P. 4.

Mell P., Grance T. The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing: Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2012. P. 97–101.

Naha R.K., Garg S., Georgakopoulos D., et al. Fog Computing: Survey of Trends, Architectures, Requirements, and Research Directions. IEEE Access. 2018. Vol. 6. P. 47980–48009. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2866491.

Nakagawa M., Hasegawa H., Sato K., et al. Adaptive Self-Reconfigurable Network to Create Cost-Effective Bandwidth-on-Demand Services. Optics InfoBase Conference Papers (Rochester, NY, United States, October, 24–28, 2010). 2010. DOI: 10.1364/nfoec.2010.nwa2.

Narula S., Jain A. Prachi Cloud Computing Security: Amazon Web Service. International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies, ACCT (Rohtak, Haryana, India, February, 21–22, 2015). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2015. Р. 501–505. DOI: 10.1109/ACCT.2015.20.

OpenFog Consortium Architecture Working Group OpenFog Reference Architecture for Fog Computing. 2017.

Pinchuk A., Sokolov N., Freinkman V. General principles of foggy computing. Last Mile. 2018. no. 3. P. 38–45. DOI: 10.22184/2070-8963.2018.72.3.38.45.

Proferansov D.Y., Safonova I.E. To the Question of Fog Computing and the Internet of Things. Educational Resources and Technology. 2017. Vol. 4, no. 21. P. 30–39.

Puliafito C., Mingozzi E., Vallati C., et al. Virtualization and Migration at the Network Edge: An Overview. Proceedings of 2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing, SMARTCOMP 2018 (Taormina, Sicily, Italy, June, 18–20, 2018). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018. Р. 368–374. DOI: 10.1109/SMARTCOMP.2018.00031.

Radchenko G.I., Alaasam A.B.A., Tchernykh A.N. Comparative Analysis of Virtualization Methods in Big Data Processing. Supercomputing Frontiers and Innovations. 2019. Vol. 6, no. 1. P. 48–79. DOI: 10.14529/jsfi190107.

Ravandi B., Papapanagiotou I. A Self-Learning Scheduling in Cloud Software Defined Block Storage. IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing, CLOUD (Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, June, 25–July, 1, 2017). IEEE Computer Society, 2017. Р. 415–422. DOI: 10.1109/CLOUD.2017.60.

Reinsel D., Gantz J. Extracting Value from Chaos. IDC Report. 2011. Vol. 1142. P. 1–12.

Sadashiv N., Kumar S.M.D. Cluster, Grid and Cloud Computing: A Detailed Comparison. Final Program and Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Science and Education, ICCSE 2011 (Chennai, India, December, 14–15, 2011). IEEE, 2011. Р. 477–482. DOI: 10.1109/ICCSE.2011.6028683.

Sehgal N.K., Bhatt P.C.P., Sehgal N.K., et al. Features of Private and Public Clouds Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. P. 51–60.

Skarlat O., Karagiannis V., Rausch T., et al. A Framework for Optimization, Service Placement, and Runtime Operation in the Fog. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing, UCC 2018 (Zurich, Switzerland, December, 17–20, 2019). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2019. Р. 164–173. DOI: 10.1109/UCC.2018.00025.

Skarlat O., Nardelli M., Schulte S., et al. Optimized IoT Service Placement in the Fog. Service Oriented Computing and Applications. 2017. Vol. 11, no. 4. P. 427–443. DOI: 10.1007/s11761-017-0219-8.

Skarlat O., Schulte S., Borkowski M., et al. Resource Provisioning for IoT Services in the Fog. Proceedings of 2016 IEEE 9th International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing and Applications, SOCA 2016 (Macau, China, November, 4–6, 2016). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2016. Р. 32–39. DOI: 10.1109/SOCA.2016.10.

Smirnov Y. Cloud computing. The History and Impact on Libraries’ Future. Scientific and Technical Libraries. 2016. no. 6. P. 62–73. DOI: DOI: 10.33186/1027-3689-2016-6-62-73.

Sotomayor B., Montero R.S., Llorente I.M., et al. Virtual Infrastructure Management in Private and Hybrid Clouds. IEEE Internet Computing. 2009. Vol. 13, no. 5. P. 14–22. DOI: 10.1109/MIC.2009.119.

Taleb T., Samdanis K., Mada B., et al. On Multi-Access Edge Computing: A Survey of the Emerging 5G Network Edge Cloud Architecture and Orchestration. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials. 2017. Vol. 19, no. 3. P. 1657–1681. DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2017.2705720.

Tseng F.H., Tsai M.S., Tseng C.W., et al. A Lightweight Autoscaling Mechanism for Fog Computing in Industrial Applications. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 2018. Vol. 14, no. 10. P. 4529–4537. DOI: 10.1109/TII.2018.2799230.

Tuli S., Basumatary N., Buyya R. EdgeLens: Deep Learning Based Object Detection in Integrated IoT, Fog and Cloud Computing Environments. Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Information Systems and Computer Networks, ISCON 2019 (Mathura, India, November 21–22, 2019). IEEE Press, USA, 2019. P. 496–502. DOI: 10.1109/ISCON47742.2019.9036216.

Tuli S., Mahmud R., Tuli S., et al. FogBus: A Blockchain-Based Lightweight Framework for Edge and Fog Computing. Journal of Systems and Software. 2019. Vol. 154. P. 22–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.04.050.

Vandenberg A. Grid Computing for All. Charles River Media, 2005. Р. 3. DOI: 10.1145/1167350.1167353.

Velasquez K., Abreu D.P., Assis M.R.M., et al. Fog Orchestration for the Internet of Everything: State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges. Journal of Internet Services and Applications. 2018. Vol. 9, no. 1. DOI: 10.1186/s13174-018-0086-3.

Wadhwa H., Aron R. Fog Computing with the Integration of Internet of Things: Architecture, Applications and Future Directions. Proceedings of the 16th IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications, 17th IEEE International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Communications, 8th IEEE International Conference on Big Data and Cloud Computing, (Melbourne, Australia, December, 11–13, 2019). IEEE, 2019. Р. 987–994. DOI: 10.1109/BDCloud.2018.00144.

Webb K. Reviews. Architects of the Information Society: 35 Years of the Laboratory for Computer Science at MIT. Internet Research. 2000. Vol. 10, no. 1. P. 169–174.

Weinhardt C., Anandasivam A., Blau B., et al. Cloud Computing — A Classification, Business Models, and Research Directions. Business & Information Systems Engineering. 2009. Vol. 1, no. 5. P. 391–399. DOI: 10.1007/s12599-009-0071-2.

Wen Z., Yang R., Garraghan P., et al. Fog Orchestration for Internet of Things Services. IEEE Internet Computing. 2017. Vol. 21, no. 2. P. 16–24. DOI: 10.1109/MIC.2017.36.

Wood T., Ramakrishnan K.K., Shenoy P., et al. CloudNet: Dynamic Pooling of Cloud Resources by Live WAN Migration of Virtual Machines. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking. 2015. Vol. 23, no. 5. P. 1568–1583. DOI: 10.1109/TNET.2014.2343945.

Yang J., Pang J., Qi N., et al. On-Demand Self-Adaptivity of Service Availability for Cloud Multi-Tier Applications. Proceedings of 2015 IEEE/ACM 15th International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud, and Grid Computing, CCGrid 2015, 2015. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2015. Р. 1237–1240. DOI: 10.1109/CCGrid.2015.146.

Yousefpour A., Fung C., Nguyen T., et al. All One Needs to Know about Fog Computing and Related Edge Computing Paradigms: A Complete Survey. Journal of Systems Architecture. 2019. Vol. 98. P. 289–330. DOI: 10.1016/j.sysarc.2019.02.009.

Zhang B., Mor N., Kolb J., et al. The Cloud is Not Enough: Saving IoT from the Cloud. 7th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems, HotStorage 2015, 2020.

Zhang P., Liu J. K., Richard Yu F., et al. A Survey on Access Control in Fog Computing. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2018. Vol. 56, no. 2. P. 144–149. DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.2018.1700333.

Zlatanov N. The Data Center Evolution from Mainframe to Cloud. IEEE Computer Society. 2016. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4103.8489.

A Guide to Edge IoT Analytics: Internet of Things Blog. Available at:

https://www.ibm.com/blogs/internet-of-things/edge-iot-analytics/ (accessed: 02.03.2020).

Edge Gateway | Smartiply. Available at: https://www.smartiply.com/gateway (accessed: 02.03.2020).

Fog computing brings new business opportunities and disruptions - IoT Agenda. Available at: https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/blog/IoT-Agenda/Fog-computing-bringsnew-business-opportunities-and-disruptions (accessed: 27.02.2020).

FogFlow — FogFlow v2.0 documentation. Available at: https://fogflow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ (accessed: 03.03.2020).

Mobile Platform | Smartiply. Available at: https://www.smartiply.com/mobile (accessed: 02.03.2020).

Nebbiolo Technologies — Pioneers in Fog Computing. Available at: https://www.nebbiolo.tech/ (accessed: 02.03.2020).

Smartfog/Fogflow: FogFlow is a Standard-Based IoT Fog Computing Framework that Supports Serverless Computing and Edge Computing with Advanced Programming Models. URL: https://github.com/smartfog/fogflow (accessed: 03.03.2020).

Softls/FogFrame-2.0: FogFrame Framework (with Extensions). Available at:

https://github.com/softls/FogFrame-2.0 (accessed: 02.03.2020).

The Industrial Internet Consortium and Openfog Consortium Join Forces | Industrial Internet Consortium. Available at: https://www.iiconsortium.org/press-room/01-31-19.htm (accessed: 27.02.2020).

Toshiba Digital Solutions Corporation and Nebbiolo Technologies Inc. Sign an Industrial IoT Strategic Partnership Agreement. Available at: https://www.prnewswire.com/newsreleases/toshiba-digital-solutions-corporation-and-nebbiolo-technologies-inc-sign-anindustrial-iot-strategic-partnership-agreement-300632595.html (accessed: 02.03.2020).




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/cmse200303