IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON WHEAT GRAIN PRODUCTION IN IRAQ

Abstract

This article presents a review of studies examining the impact of climatic and environmental conditions on wheat cultivation and production in Iraq. Using data from eight meteorological stations (Mosul, Kirkuk, Rutba, Baghdad, Samawah, Nasiriyah, Amarah, and Basra) for 1990–2020, key climatic parameters were analyzed: temperature (with a maximum of 47.15 °C), relative humidity (with a minimum of 19.61 % in summer), wind conditions, and dust phenomena. The geographical distribution of cultivated areas by province is examined, with Nineveh leading the way (24.53 % of the total area), as well as production dynamics – an in crease from 0.38 million tons in 2000 to 6.24 million tons in 2020. The main abiotic stress factors limiting yields are identified: drought, soil salinity (especially in the central and southern regions), extreme temperatures, and water deficit, which are most critical for wheat during the flowering and grain-filling phases. Soil conditions also significantly affect yields: wheat grows best on heavy loam and clay alluvial soils (pH 6.5–7.8), while salinity and flooding in the central and southern regions reduce productivity. To address this problem, the following measures are proposed: the introduction of resistant varieties, the modernization of irrigation and drainage systems, and the development of agrometeorological monitoring.